There is limited empirical evidence on whether cash social assistance to poor pregnant women improves children’s birth outcomes. Using a unique array of program and social security administrative micro-data matched to longitudinal vital statistics on the universe of births in Uruguay, we estimate that participation in a generous cash transfer program - on the order of 25 percent of household income - led to a sizeable reduction in the incidence of low birth weight, on the order of 17 to 19 percent. Effects are not driven by changes in fertility or other behavioral changes that we can detect in our data. We conclude that, by improving child health, cash transfers may help break the cycle of intergenerational poverty,

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